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Simin Liu, M.D., M.P.H., Sc.D.

Affiliations

Director, UCLA Program on Genomics and Nutrition

Epidemiology, School of Public Health

Professor, Medicine, Epidemiology

Member, JCCC Molecular Epidemiology Program Area

Education:
Medical Degree:	M.D.
Degree:	M.P.H. M.S. Sc.D.

Contact Information:

Work Email Address:	siminliu@ucla.edu

Laboratory Address:	CHS Lab UCLA Department of Epidemiology 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South 41-297 CHS Box 951772 Los Angeles, CA 90095 UNITED STATES
Mailing Address:	Mailing Address UCLA Department of Epidemiology 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South 71-254 CHS Box 951772 Los Angeles, CA 90095 UNITED STATES
Office Address:	Office at CHS UCLA Department of Epidemiology 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South 71-254 CHS Box 951772 Los Angeles, CA 90095 UNITED STATES

Home Page:	http://nutrigen.ph.ucla.edu
Home Page:	http://www.mdtp.mednet.ucla.edu

Direct Contact Information:

Lab Number:	310 206-7105 Lab/Assistants'
Office Phone Number:	310 206-5682 Office at CHS

Research Interest:

Molecular nutrition and genetic epidemiology

Dr. Liu's research is at the interface of nutrition and genetics/genomics and focuses on their interplay in affecting major chronic diseases in human populations. His research studies can be broadly classified as follows:

1. Large-scale analytical studies of chronic diseases in selected populations
2. Analytical studies of national representative samples
3. Nested case-control studies of genetic and biochemical markers for chronic diseases
4. Small-scale metabolic trials of diet and metabolic intermediates.

By examining large and high-quality prospective cohorts of middle-aged women and men (i.e., the Nurses' Health Study, the Women's Health Study, the Physicians' Health Study), Dr. Liu and his collaborators have studied how dietary, life-course, and genetic factors may influence the development of chronic diseases. Within the common theme of insulin resistance, several specific diet-disease relations have been identified in this effort. Specifically, his group has identified dietary glycemic index and load and intake of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and dietary fiber as significant predictors for future risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD).

Because of the complex etiology of many chronic diseases, risk factors identified are often neither sufficient nor necessary in the causal chains of disease development. At the individual and the population levels, both genetic and environmental factors are intimately responsible for every major chronic disease, and it is not possible to study one while ignoring the other. Thus, a comprehensive and systematic approach is adopted in Dr. Liu's research to examine both observational and experimental data in humans.

Recent development of high-throughput biotechnology and genomic science has allowed epidemiologists to go beyond the traditional assessment of environmental risk factors. Genetic variants can now be assessed on an unprecedented scale, presenting many possibilities in identifying genetic susceptibility and helping to elucidate the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development of complex diseases. Epidemiologists, however, are also facing an 'epidemic of information/misinformation'. How to sensibly incorporate, analyze, and interpret emerging genetic data in the context of other epidemiologic variables is now a major challenge for the field of epidemiology. Dr. Liu and colleagues are increasing their effort in the area of SNP-based association studies of complex diseases. They are currently evaluating potential genetic variants for type 2 diabetes and CHD susceptibility using state-of-the art genotyping technology and statistical methods. One major goal is to understand how nutrients may interact with genetic susceptibilities in determining an individual's risk, which may help to resolve inconsistent hypotheses and provide an integrated explanation for many associations observed in epidemiological studies.

Technical Research Interest:

Molecular nutrition and genetic epidemiology

Dr. Liu's research is at the interface of nutrition and genetics/genomics and focuses on their interplay in affecting major chronic diseases in human populations. He is currently serving as Principal Investigator or co-investigator of several NIH- and industry-sponsored projects investigating nutritional, genetic, hormonal, and biochemical predictors of chronic diseases in human populations. His research studies can be broadly classified as follows: 1. Large-scale analytical studies of chronic diseases in selected populations 2. Analytical studies of national representative samples 3. Nested case-control studies of genetic and biochemical markers for chronic diseases 4. Small-scale metabolic trials of diet and metabolic intermediates.

Additional Information:

Dr. Liu is currently Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine and founding director of the Program on Genomics and Nutrition at the UCLA School of Public Health, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Inter-school Training Program in Metabolic Diseases and the Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention at UCLA. He also holds adjunct appointments as Professor of Epidemiology and Visiting Lecturer of Medicine at Harvard. Dr. Liu is an elected fellow of the Epidemiology and Nutrition Councils of the American Heart Association, and has serves on study sections for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Internationally, Dr. Liu has been working on revising dietary guidelines for human carbohydrate consumption, notably as an author of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization(WHO)'s scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition and as an advisory board member for the European Union's HEALTHGRAIN project.

Publications:

Liu S, Tinker L, Song Y, Rifai N, Bonds D, Cook NR, Heiss G, Howard B, Hotamisligil GS, Hu FB, Kuller L, Manson JE. Markers of inflammation as predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a multi-racial cohort of women.. Archive of Internal Medicine ; .

Song Y, Manson JE, Tinker L, Rifai N, Cook NR, Hu FB, Hotamisligil GS, Ridker PM, Rodriguez B, Margolis K, Oberman A, Liu S. Circulating levels of endothelial adhesion molecules and type 2 diabetes in racially diverse cohort of women.. Diabetes 2007; 56: .

Levitan, E. B. Westgren, C. W. Liu, S. Wolk, A. Reproducibility and validity of dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and total carbohydrate intake in 141 Swedish men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(2): 548-53.

Liu, S. Choi, H. K. Ford, E. Song, Y. Klevak, A. Buring, J. E. Manson, J. E. A prospective study of dairy intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(7): 1579-84.

Qi, L. Liu, S. Rifai, N. Hunter, D. Hu, F. B. Associations of the apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in women with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2006; .

Liu, S Willett, W.C. Dietary carbohydrates . UpToDate 2006; .

Zhang, C. Liu, S. Solomon, C. G. Hu, F. B. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(10): 2223-30.

Qi, L. Meigs, J. B. Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Mantzoros, C. Hu, F. B. Dietary fibers and glycemic load, obesity, and plasma adiponectin levels in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(7): 1501-5.

Song, Y. Sesso, H. D. Manson, J. E. Cook, N. R. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of incident hypertension among middle-aged and older US women in a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98(12): 1616-21.

Song, Y. He, K. Levitan, E. B. Manson, J. E. Liu, S. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(10): 1050-6.

Halton, T. L. Willett, W. C. Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Albert, C. M. Rexrode, K. Hu, F. B. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(19): 1991-2002.

Liu, S. Lowering dietary glycemic load for weight control and cardiovascular health: a matter of quality. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(14): 1438-9.

Halton, T. L. Willett, W. C. Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Stampfer, M. J. Hu, F. B. Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83(2): 284-90.

Ding, E., Song, Y., Malik, V., Liu, S. Sex Differences of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of American Medicine 2006; 295(11): 1288-1299.

Wang, L. Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Gaziano, J. M. Buring, J. E. Sesso, H. D. The consumption of lycopene and tomato-based food products is not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. J Nutr. 2006; 136(3): 620-5.

Liu, S. Lee, I. M. Song, Y. Van Denburgh, M. Cook, N. R. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. E. Vitamin E and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Women's Health Study Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes. 2006; 55(10): 2856-62.

Qi, L. van Dam, R. M. Liu, S. Franz, M. Mantzoros, C. Hu, F. B. Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(2): 207-11.

Hao, K. Liu, S. Niu, T. A sparse marker extension tree algorithm for selecting the best set of haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genet Epidemiol. 2005; 29(4): 336-52.

Ford, E. S. Mokdad, A. H. Ajani, U. A. Liu, S. Associations between concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. Br J Nutr. 2005; 93(2): 249-55.

Song, Y. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. E. Sesso, H. D. Liu, S. Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and cross-sectional analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005; 24(5): 376-84.

Ford, E. S. Ajani, U. A. McGuire, L. C. Liu, S. Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(5): 1228-30.

Song, Y. Manson, J. E. Cook, N. R. Albert, C. M. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Women. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96(8): 1135-1141.

Liu, S. Song, Y. Ford, E. S. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. E. Ridker, P. M. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(12): 2926-32.

Michaud, D. S. Fuchs, C. S. Liu, S. Willett, W. C. Colditz, G. A. Giovannucci, E. Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar, and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005; 14(1): 138-47.

Lin, J. Zhang, S. M. Cook, N. R. Rexrode, K. M. Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Lee, I. M. Buring, J. E. Dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005; 16(3): 225-33.

Ford, E. S. Mokdad, A. H. Liu, S. Healthy Eating Index and C-reactive protein concentration: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59(2): 278-83.

Choi, H. K. Liu, S. Curhan, G. Intake of purine-rich foods, protein, and dairy products and relationship to serum levels of uric acid: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52(1): 283-9.

Ford, E. S. Liu, S. Invited commentary: Acne in adolescence--protecting the heart but damaging the prostate later in life?. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161(12): 1102-6.

Song, Y. Ridker, P. M. Manson, J. E. Cook, N. R. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(6): 1438-44.

Bazzano, L. A. Serdula, M. Liu, S. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by diet and lifestyle modification. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005; 24(5): 310-9.

Wang, L. Liu, S. Niu, T. Xu, X. SNPHunter: a bioinformatic software for single nucleotide polymorphism data acquisition and management. BMC Bioinformatics. 2005; 6(1): 60.

Song, Y. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. A Prospective Study of Red Meat Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women: The Women's Health Study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(9): 2108-15.

Liu, S. Song, Y. Hu, F. B. Niu, T. Ma, J. Gaziano, M. Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of the APOA1 XmnI and APOC3 SstI polymorphisms in the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and risk of incident myocardial infarction in men. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 177(1): 119-26.

Song, Y. Niu, T. Manson, J. E. Kwiatkowski, D. J. Liu, S. Are variants in the CAPN10 gene related to risk of type 2 diabetes? A quantitative assessment of population and family-based association studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74(2): 208-22.

McKeown, N. M. Meigs, J. B. Liu, S. Saltzman, E. Wilson, P. W. Jacques, P. F. Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(2): 538-46.

Holmes, M. D. Liu, S. Hankinson, S. E. Colditz, G. A. Hunter, D. J. Willett, W. C. Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 159(8): 732-9.

Pereira, M. A. O'Reilly, E. Augustsson, K. Fraser, G. E. Goldbourt, U. Heitmann, B. L. Hallmans, G. Knekt, P. Liu, S. Pietinen, P. Spiegelman, D. Stevens, J. Virtamo, J. Willett, W. C. Ascherio, A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(4): 370-6.

Higginbotham, S. Zhang, Z. F. Lee, I. M. Cook, N. R. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13(1): 65-70.

Schaumberg, D. A. Liu, S. Seddon, J. M. Willett, W. C. Hankinson, S. E. Dietary glycemic load and risk of age-related cataract. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(2): 489-95.

Higginbotham, S. Zhang, Z. F. Lee, I. M. Cook, N. R. Giovannucci, E. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96(3): 229-33.

Song, Y. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1): 59-65.

Hu, F. B. Doria, A. Li, T. Meigs, J. B. Liu, S. Memisoglu, A. Hunter, D. Manson, J. E. Genetic variation at the adiponectin locus and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes. 2004; 53(1): 209-13.

Schulze, M. B. Liu, S. Rimm, E. B. Manson, J. E. Willett, W. C. Hu, F. B. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(2): 348-56.

Gross, L. S. Li, L. Ford, E. S. Liu, S. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79(5): 774-9.

Levitan, E. B. Song, Y. Ford, E. S. Liu, S. Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(19): 2147-55.

Lopez-Ridaura, R. Willett, W. C. Rimm, E. B. Liu, S. Stampfer, M. J. Manson, J. E. Hu, F. B. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1): 134-40.

Song, Y. Stampfer, M. J. Liu, S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(2): 137-47.

Janket, S. J. Manson, J. E. Sesso, H. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(4): 1008-15.

Liu, S. Ma, J. Ridker, P. M. Breslow, J. L. Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of the association between APOE genotype and the risk of myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2003; 166(2): 323-9.

Ford, E. S. Liu, S. Mannino, D. M. Giles, W. H. Smith, S. J. C-reactive protein concentration and concentrations of blood vitamins, carotenoids, and selenium among United States adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57(9): 1157-63.

Bazzano, L. A. Serdula, M. K. Liu, S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003; 5(6): 492-9.

Sesso, H. D. Liu, S. Gaziano, J. M. Buring, J. E. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr. 2003; 133(7): 2336-41.

Sesso, H. D. Gaziano, J. M. Liu, S. Buring, J. E. Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1400-8.

Pradhan, A. D. Manson, J. E. Meigs, J. B. Rifai, N. Buring, J. E. Liu, S. Ridker, P. M. Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Med. 2003; 114(6): 438-44.

Liu, S. Sesso, H. D. Manson, J. E. Willett, W. C. Buring, J. E. Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(3): 594-9.

Memisoglu, A. Hu, F. B. Hankinson, S. E. Liu, S. Meigs, J. B. Altshuler, D. M. Hunter, D. J. Manson, J. E. Prospective Study of the Association Between the Proline to Alanine Codon 12 Polymorphism in the PPARgamma Gene and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(10): 2915-2917.

Liu, S. Willett, W. C. Manson, J. E. Hu, F. B. Rosner, B. Colditz, G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78(5): 920-7.

Pereira, M. A. Liu, S. Types of carbohydrates and risk of cardiovascular disease. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003; 12(2): 115-22.

Liu, S Buring, JE Sesso, HD Rimm, EB Willett, WC Manson, JE A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. J Am Coll Card 2002; 39: 49-56.

Liu, S. Schmitz, C. Stampfer, M. J. Sacks, F. Hennekens, C. H. Lindpaintner, K. Ridker, P. M. A prospective study of TaqIB polymorphism in the gene coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis. 2002; 161(2): 469-74.

Liu, S Manson, JE Hu, FB Colditz, G. Willett, WC Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to weight and the development of obesity among middle-aged women. Circulation 2002; Supplement (Nov)(Abstract #115238): .

Liu, S. Willett, W. C. Dietary glycemic load and atherothrombotic risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002; 4(6): 454-61.

Liu, S. Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002; 21(4): 298-306.

Liu, S Manson, JE Buring, JE Stampfer, MJ Willett, WC Ridker, PM Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 492-8.

McKeown, N. M. Meigs, J. B. Liu, S. Wilson, P. W. Jacques, P. F. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(2): 390-8.

Choi, H. K. Liu, S. Merkel, P. A. Colditz, G. A. Niles, J. L. Diagnostic performance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody tests for idiopathic vasculitides: metaanalysis with a focus on antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2001; 28(7): 1584-90.

Hu, F. B. van Dam, R. M. Liu, S. Diet and risk of Type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate. Diabetologia 2001; 44(7): 805-17..

Hu, F. B. Manson, J. E. Stampfer, M. J. Colditz, G. Liu, S. Solomon, C. G. Willett, W. C. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(11): 790-7.

Liu, S. Manson, JE Dietary carbohydrates, physical inactivity, obesity, and the 'metabolic syndrome' as predictors of coronary heart disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2001; 12: 395-404.

Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Stampfer, M. J. Holmes, M. D. Hu, F. B. Hankinson, S. E. Willett, W. C. Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 73(3): 560-6.

Ford, E. Liu, S. Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration among United States adults. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 572-76.

Liu, S. Lee, I. M. Ajani, U. Cole, S. R. Buring, J. E. Manson, J. E. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30(1): 130-5.

Liu, S Stampfer, MJ Hu, FB Giovannucci, E Ascherio, A Sampson, L Salmeron, J Jenkins, D Willett, WC Methodologic considerations in assessing dietary glycemic load and insulin demand in epidemiologic studies and interpreting findings for coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 2001; .

Liu, S. Manson, J. E. What is the optimal weight for cardiovascular health?. Bmj 2001; 322(7287): 631-2..

Liu, S. Willett, W. C. Stampfer, M. J. Hu, F. B. Franz, M. Sampson, L. Hennekens, C. H. Manson, J. E. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(6): 1455-61.

Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Stampfer, M. J. Hu, F. B. Giovannucci, E. Colditz, G. A. Hennekens, C. H. Willett, W. C. A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women. Am J Public Health 2000; 90(9): 1409-15.

Liu, S Manson, JE Lee, IM Cole, SR Willett, WC Buring, JE Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 922-8.

Liu, S. Manson, J. E. Stampfer, M. J. Rexrode, K. M. Hu, F. B. Rimm, E. B. Willett, W. C. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study. JAMA 2000; 284(12): 1534-40.

Liu, S. Ajani, U. Chae, C. Hennekens, C. Buring, J. E. Manson, J. E. Long-term beta-carotene supplementation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282(11): 1073-5.

Liu, S Stampfer, MJ Hu, FB Giovannucci, E Rimm, E Manson, JE Hennekens, CH Willett, WC Whole grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study.. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 412-19.

Liu, S Willett, WC Hu, Frank Graham, C Stampfer, M Hennekens, C Manson, J Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrates and risk of coronary heart disease among diabetic women [abstract]. Circulation 1998; 98(suppl): I-193.

Liu, S Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and risk of major chronic diseases -- a dietary perspective. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 1998; 22: 140-50.

Liu, S. Serdula, M. K. Byers, T. Williamson, D. F. Mokdad, A. H. Flanders, W. D. Reliability of alcohol intake as recalled from 10 years in the past. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143(2): 177-86.

Liu, S. Serdula, M. K. Williamson, D. F. Mokdad, A. H. Byers, T. A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140(10): 912-20.


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